Standard-setting activities, which aim to achieve device interoperability and product compatibility, play a fundamental role in fostering innovation and competition in a variety of markets. Such activities, typically carried out by armies of engineers, would generally not be expected to...

This paper seeks to examine whether the legal standards underpinning the application of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) need to be revisited in light of the alleged specificities of “technology-enabled” markets. To this end, the paper is divided in...

It has become conventional wisdom to view the rulings handed down by the Court of First Instance in <i>Airtours, Schneider, Tetra Laval</i> and <i>Impala</i> as unprecedented setbacks for the European Commission that would usher in a new era of administrative accountability in the field of merger control.