This paper shows how to explain diversification using gain and loss. The gain-loss approach focuses on the cancellation of returns that occurs as stocks enter a portfolio. Simple algebra and arithmetic explain exactly how diversification acts to raise a portfolio's gain-loss ratio. The method...

We show the existence of a viable gain-loss portfolio theory, relevant for investors seeking high expected gain compared to expected loss. Diversification, in gain-loss theory, raises a portfolio's gain-loss ratio even when all component assets have identical gain-loss ratios, as long as some of...

Mutual fund splits occur in high-priced funds after unusually high returns. Split factors are related to the deviation of a fund's price from the mean of all fund prices. Post-split prices are below the mean of other funds' prices. Post-split numbers of shareholders and assets do not increase...

Insider transactions are not random across growth and value stocks. We find that insider buying climbs as stocks change from growth to value categories. Insider buying also is greater after low stock returns, and lower after high stock returns. These findings are consistent with a version of...