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To ascertain the degree to which enterprises have soft budgets and to find the causes of softness, we surveyed 251 privatized Mongolian enterprises, asking whether state aid was expected when financial difficulties arose. One-quarter of the enterprises face soft budgets, a large proportion of...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014076317
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To ascertain the prevalence of soft budgets and to find causes of softness, we surveyed Mongolian enterprises, asking whether state aid was expected when financial difficulties arose. One-quarter of enterprises expected soft-budgets, a large proportion of which have central government ownership....
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005764505
process by which mass privatization changes managerial behaviour in transition countries. We examine the structure of … ownership and the extent of exit and voice in one such country, Mongolia. We document the size of ownership changes since … privatization (through mergers, spin-offs, and stock sales) and examine which owners are changing in importance. We scrutinize …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012789768
To ascertain the prevalence of soft budgets and to find causes of softness, we surveyed 251 privatized Mongolian enterprises, asking whether state aid was expected when financial difficulties arose. One quarter of the enterprises expected such soft-budget aid, a large proportion of which have...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005784807
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10001304188
the effect of mass privatization. We present a detailed picture of those relations for Mongolia, which has implemented a …Mass privatization is the centerpiece of policies aiming to sever the old links between state and enterprise and to … comprehensive voucher-privatization scheme. The state interacts with enterprises in multifarious ways, many inconsistent with the …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014059574
Although a successor to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol has not materialised yet, the 2009 Copenhagen meeting underlined the importance of China in international debates on climate and energy. This is not only based on China’s current climate emissions, but also on its expected energy use and economic...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014045402
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Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10003527145