In this paper, we take an organizational view of organized crime. In particular, we study the organizational …

asymmetry of information between government and enforcers and the crime rate …

responsibility for crime control and prevention. The Yakuza Exclusion Ordinances (YEOs) of Japan aim to combat organized crime … crime. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the YEOs' effect suggests the effectiveness of enforcement policies that … intensively target regions with lower concentration of organized crime …

Empirical studies have found that increasing the probability of punishment has a greater effect on crime than the … deter crime in the period they are applied but offer criminals no information on their criminal ability. Crime is also …

Expressive crime contrasts with instrumental crime in that delinquents do not seek material benefits. Law breakers are … motivated by the desire to ‘make a statement’, possibly against majority attitudes in the society. Fighting expressive crime is … expressive crime. Delinquents are motivated to perform the illegal action because it transmits a signal. If the punishment …