cause a new type of damage. A robust finding is that the efficiency of permits is affected by monopoly pricing of the patent …

maintain an invention as a trade secret or seek a patent and disclose to the public the details of the invention. However, a … handful of scholars have recognized that because the patent disclosure requirements are not always rigorous, inventors may … sometimes be able to keep certain aspects of an invention secret, yet still receive a patent to the invention as a whole. Here …

argued that introducing independent invention as a defense (IID) to patent infringement can increase social welfare by …

strengthening of US patent rights in the early 1980s. Yet the propensity of semiconductor firms to patent has risen dramatically … markets, while spawning "patent portfolio races" among capital-intensive firms …