development and implementation of AVs in Singapore. Our findings reveal that AV regulatory sandboxes, the formalisation of safety … adopted to govern AVs in Singapore. Furthermore, Singapore's approach to AVs has applied an adaptive strategy that is both pre …-emptive and responsive. The accelerated expansion of trials and regulatory provisions for AVs demonstrates Singapore's aspiration …

, we exploit a unique feature of Singapore’s car registration process. All cars in Singapore must have a Certificate of …