To explain divergence in member-state policy adjustment in response to the economic pressures of globalization and Europeanization (distinguished from European integration as the impact of EU level decisions on national level policies and institutions), this paper identifies five mediating...

The EU needs a permanent EU debt facility to address its many existential challenges, including climate change, energy, inequality, and security related to the Ukraine crisis. The EU's fiscal rules need to be fit for purpose, meaning that rather than primarily targeting debt-reduction they need...