or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions … expenditure are insignificant. Thus previous literature relying on R&D expenditure suffers from a measurement error, such that the …

This paper assesses the relationship between institutions, output, and productivity, when official output is corrected … output and total factor productivity, and its negative impact on the size of the underground economy. However, once output is … total ("corrected") factor productivity even becomes insignificant. Differences in corrected output must then be attributed …