which German patent renewal fees were paid to full-term expiration in 1995. A search of subsequent U.S. and German patents … allowed to expire before their full term. The higher an invention's economic value estimate was, the more the relevant patent …

legal principle of patent exhaustion. With perfect competition at the upstream and downstream stage, the choice of the … licensing segment is irrelevant for the patent holder and consumers. When exactly one segment of the value chain is monopolistic … while the other one is competitive, the patent holder prefers licensing at the monopolistic stage leading to an alignment of …