corruption, this paper examines whether formal sector productive (unproductive) entrepreneurial activity is associated with lower … corruption by asking whether corruption affects entrepreneurial outcomes primarily through its effects on the shadow economy. I … contend that if this is the case, then estimates of corruption should serve as a good instrument for shadow economy size in …

-size, and government-size on perceived and experienced corruption. Four points summarize our main findings, which seem … corruption. Second, larger firms and larger government size lower corruption perceptions and experience. Third, larger cities … raise corruption perceptions and experience. Fourth, when the sample is limited to large cities, the corruption …

Available wisdom suggests that a negative relationship prevails between economic freedom and perceived corruption among … that greater competition may accentuate the problem of corruption. This is contrary to the general observation that … economic freedom in influencing perceived corruption. The firm-level data helps to explore the relationship between economic …