This book advances the idea that in order to address some of the criticisms against investor-state dispute settlement, a large majority of states have taken a 'normative' strategy, negotiating or amending investment treaties with provisions that potentially give more control and greater...

The growing number of arbitral decisions awarding compensation to investors has contributed to the development of law in the area of damages but also posed questions, which have attracted relatively little attention to date. This article first addresses the important but elusive matter of...

The Singapore Convention on Mediation is a United Nations multilateral treaty that establishes an expedited enforcement framework to facilitate the circulation of international mediated settlement agreements (‘iMSAs’) across borders. The Convention’s focus is on iMSAs of a commercial...

This article summarizes China’s limited involvement in ISDS system, discusses the issues revealed and explores the implications of China’s policy and practice toward ISDS for stakeholders. Some issues are China-specific, such as status of SAR investor and IIAs, while some issues are among...

International investment agreements typically permit foreign investors to litigate against host countries (Investor-State Dispute Settlement, ISDS). Yet, common criticism holds that host countries would benefit from allowing only foreign governments to litigate (State-State Dispute Settlement,...