Banking organizations in the United States have long been subject to two broad categories of regulatory standards. The first is permissive: a "positive" grant of rights and privileges, typically via a charter for a corporate entity, to engage in the business of banking

After the 2008 financial crisis, policymakers focused on enacting improvements in two areas of financial regulation: capital and liquidity, affecting the composition of bank assets and the sources of bank funding. These improvements made both the emergence of a crisis less likely and the...

The benefits of cross-border financial activity are wide-ranging, from greater competition and more efficient markets to broader and more stable access to capital. During normal economic times, the official sector and private sector share an incentive to foster such cross-border financial...

This paper summarizes the status of general-purpose central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) within seventeen countries and the Euro Area. This paper also documents the proposed design features and functionalities, if applicable, of each country's proposed or piloted CBDC. This paper finds that...

After the 2008 financial crisis, reforms to financial regulation in the United States developed with an apparent contradiction at their core: While those reforms embraced cooperative international measures, they simultaneously imposed more stringent safeguards on foreign banks opening on...

This Note describes how risks arising from climate change may affect financial stability. We describe how climate-change related risks may emerge either as shocks to the financial system or as financial system vulnerabilities that could amplify the effects of these or other shocks

After a large economic shock, states often transfer a portion of privately held debt to the public balance sheet. The mechanism used for this transfer differs, depending on the nature and cause of the shock—mobilization expenditures, after war breaks out; relief spending, after storms or other...

This Note describes how risks arising from climate change may affect financial stability. We describe how climate-change related risks may emerge either as shocks to the financial system or as financial system vulnerabilities that could amplify the effects of these or other shocks

“Crypto Winter” refers to a systemic event that occurred in the cryptocurrency ecosystem—what we call “crypto space”—in 2022. Crypto space was wracked by plummeting crypto prices, the troubles of a large crypto hedge fund, and runs on many crypto lending platforms. Several large...

According to conventional wisdom, the 2008 financial crisis fundamentally changed how policymakers approach financial regulation. Before the crisis, regulators sought to prevent individual financial institutions from collapsing, but this “microprudential” strategy proved inadequate to stop...