were far from existing refining and pipeline infrastructure. The production increase led to substantial discounts for oil … producers to reflect the high cost of alternative transportation methods. I show how the expansion of the crude oil pipeline … per barrel in 2016. Using data for the Permian Basin, I estimate that the elimination of pipeline constraints increased …

investor-state in cross-border oil and gas pipeline matters. The agreements seek to balance all participants’ interests in … cross-border pipeline projects and provide a starting point for negotiations between potential partners. These Model …

will be offset by tree planting, energy saving and emission reduction. The optimization of pipeline energy consumption is … also associated with it. In recent years, the transportation mode of the QT oil pipeline has changed from normal … heating furnaces and pumps. In order to reduce energy consumption and find a suitable pipeline operation plan, this article …