competitive incentives. The literature suggests that such a male competitive advantage may contribute to observed gender gaps in … labor force pay and achievement. Understanding which factors may be driving these gender differences is essential for … performance patterns: (i) males are better than females at handling competitive pressure, and (ii) males enjoy competition more or …

made by an individual themselves, but by someone else. Choosing on behalf of others is an integral part of life and gender … environments. We assign subjects either the role of an agent or a principal in an experiment. Agents perform a real effort task and …. Before making a decision for the agent, we vary whether the principal is informed about the agent's gender or not. Regardless …

inclination to compete in the gender-balanced society. We also find that women's decisions in our experiment are optimal more …Can gender-balanced social norms mitigate the gender differences in competitiveness that are observed in traditional … previously been studied. We find that, unlike in the patriarchic society, there is no significant gender difference in the …

make more risky decisions in the new environment. We attribute our findings to gender differences in competitiveness and …