Climate disaster events are expected to displace at least 1.2 billion people by 2050. However, “climate refugees,” or individuals displaced in the context of disasters and climate change, lack international legal recognition and protection. In 2020, an international tribunal acknowledged in...

This paper will focus on the international legal framework concerning the Russo-Ukrainian gas disputes, particularly exploring one multilateral instrument, the Energy Charter Treaty (hereafter: ECT) and a new 'Energy Initiative' issued by the Kremlin, officially called 'Conceptual Approach to...

The Russian-Ukrainian crisis has revitalized the European concerns of supply disruptions of natural gas as experienced in 2006 and 2009. However, the European supply situation, regulation and infrastructure have changed since: imports aremore diversified, EU member states better connected and a...