On June 27, 2017, the European Commission imposed a record fine of 2.4 billion EUR on Google for violating EU competition law. More specifically, the Commission issued a decision finding that Google had infringed Article 102 TFEU by abusing its dominant position on the market for online general...

At the heart of the legal battle between Epic Games and Apple is a set of restrictions Apple imposes on app developers. For instance, Apple prohibits the distribution of iOS apps outside of the App Store, which Apple fully controls. Apple similarly requires developers to exclusively use its own...

On December 15, 2020, the European Commission released a proposal for a Digital Markets Act (DMA). The DMA targets so-called 'gatekeepers': large digital platforms that have become important gateways for business users and end users. The DMA imposes on gatekeepers a set of obligations amounting...

The newly enacted Digital Markets Act (DMA) finds itself at a crossroads. The DMA can develop into a specialist field of competition law for digital platforms or it can evolve into a new field of EU law, detached from competition law. The DMA’s ultimate trajectory will depend on the legal...

The newly enacted Digital Markets Act (DMA) finds itself at a crossroads. The DMA can develop into a specialist field of competition law for digital platforms or it can evolve into a new field of EU law, detached from competition law. The DMA’s ultimate trajectory will depend on the legal...