to three times larger among fourth and fifth graders in North Carolina than among kindergarten and first-grade students … both low-income students and English language learners, particularly for reading achievement. Also, in North Carolina …

are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

are more detrimental for the math and reading achievement of boys and the reading achievement of low-income students …

understates the percentage of students with negative responses to additional homework …

technology in education. Many schools today provide personal computers not only to older students, but also in primary school …. There is little credible evidence on how one-to-one (1:1) computer programs affect learning outcomes among younger pupils … learning outcomes on average, but a positive effect on test scores in Swedish and English among students with highly educated …

ideal for investigating this question. There, students are placed in exam schools based on a high-stakes national … large achievement gains and improved university placements for high achieving students. …