The report examines optimal financial penalties from an economic and a comparative perspective. While emphasis is put on deterrence, we also examine some limits to the optimal enforcement theory employed by economists to design effective sanctions, in particular the principle of proportionality...

The paper explores how EU competition law has integrated so far the concept of brands in different areas of enforcement. Although EU competition law has engaged in multiple instances with branding and product differentiation, brands do not yet constitute an operational concept in EU competition...

The study analyses the EU Internal market from a dynamic and a contextual perspective, taking into account, not just the normative changes brought by the intense legislative and judicial activity in this area, but also the important economic and technological transformations that have largely...

Global food value chains : a conceptual guide -- Rents, power and governance in global value chains -- The financialization of land and agriculture : mechanisms, implications and responses -- Agriculture, end to end -- New forms of financing the agricultural sector in Brazil : the experience of...

This On-Topic revisits the complex issues rising in the food sector and its value chain. Both the European Union and the US competition authorities have scrutinized relationships between food chain actors. The increasing market concentration raises new challenges for competition enforcement...

The recent reform of the Greek competition Act had the objective to align competition law enforcement in Greece with the new EC competition law regime resulting from the adoption of Regulation 1/2003.This aim has been partly achieved but the new amendments also reinforced the distinct features...