the introduction of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980 in the US. The Act allowed universities to retain patent rights over …

monopolies granted for the protection of inventions and new methods of manufacture. Patent protection depends on registration and … other formalities, and is valid for a shorter period than copyright. Nevertheless, there can be an overlap between patent …. Manufacture of an article may infringe a patent, even when the maker did not know of the patent’s existence. Copyright of a work …

linkages between network embeddedness and innovation activities have been largely explored, the impact on patent quality in …

. Our evidence, which builds on a database that matches research institutions to a sample of their patent applications …, indicates patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) filed by research institutions grew faster than industry … patent applications remains low and their ratio of patents granted to applications is below that of industry. An econometric …

result varies with the technological class of the patent, the presence and age of a technology transfer office within the …