subsidized child care in Spain in the early 1990s, addressing the impact on mothers' short- and long-run employment outcomes (up …Reconciling work and family is high on many governments' agenda, especially in countries, such as Spain, with record … worked (9%) of mothers with age-eligible (3-year-old) children, and that these effects persisted over time. Heterogeneity …

, mothers earn 17.6% less than non-mothers. Because not all women participate in the labor market, sample selection is a … significant wage gap of 9.4% between mothers and non-mothers. This motherhood wage penalty is higher when children are between 0 … and 5 years of age, 18.4%. The gap is partly explained by mothers being more likely to be employed in jobs in the informal …

Over the past decades, Spain has seen a striking convergence between women’s and men’s participation in the labour … policies, such as paternity leave expansions, financial incentives in the form of tax credits for working mothers and …

mothers in reunified Germany, 1992-2009. During this time, East and West Germany share similar family policies, yet, the … regions differ markedly with regard to cultural orientations towards working mothers. Our comparison therefore allows drawing … mothers who were born and raised in the east, but had their first child after moving to the west provide us with key insights …

benefits to estimate the impact of the reform. I incorporated the mother’s decision to substitute her care time with the public … after the reform implementation. Only for high-income mothers, the reform produced a significant decrease in the employment …