The unprecedented economic changes taking place in China over the past three decades have led to significant new fiscal pressures for the central and provincial governments. The relative decline of public ownership and rise of the private sector has forced governments to substitute revenues from...

Financial arrangements have played an important role in commercial transactions since long before the adoption of Commonwealth income taxation in Australia. The ad hoc, inconsistent and often arbitrary tax rules that apply to them cause considerable confusion and add greatly to complexity....

This paper provides an overview and assessment of alternative methods of taxing capital income. We begin by considering why, and to what extent, capital income should be taxed. Having established a reasonably robust case for such taxation, we then review the difficulties of taxing capital income...

Chinese double tax treaties define the territory of China in a broad sense and prima facie Hong Kong is included within the territory of China. However, the Chinese and Hong Kong authorities, as well as all of China's treaty partners, take the view that Hong Kong is not covered by Chinese tax...

The story of China's income taxation of corporate reorganisations falls into four distinct periods. The first years of the development of a market economy were a period of benign neglect as tax authorities came to grips with a new tax system and some domestic taxpayers exploited unintended...

The introduction of federal income taxation in Canada in 1917 is commonly described as a war time funding measure. War time finances only partly explains the adoption of the tax, however. More important, perhaps, were the political objectives, The income tax provided the government with a...

In the 1980s Australia's income tax system was entirely overhauled in an unprecedented reform exercise. The retirement savings and income system was rebuilt entirely, capital gains were brought into the income tax base in a comprehensive fashion, the classical company-shareholder tax regime was...

This article examines tax treaty trends in five Central Asian Republics: Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, following the gaining of their independence after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. In particular, it compares the construction of treaties...

Tax reviews are not a new phenomenon in Australia. Since 1950, in addition to several reviews by Parliamentary committees and government — appointed officials or bodies, including the Australian National Audit Office, the Inspector-General of Taxation, and the Board of Taxation, tax has been...

As in all jurisdictions, discretion by authorities plays a role in the administration of tax law in Hungary. The legacy of a socialist past and different national legislative approaches have made this exercise of discretion somewhat different from that in other market economies, however. The tax...