In the absence of progress in the revision of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), the European Union (EU) is making efforts to develop and disseminate rules on subsidies through free trade agreements (FTAs). What is particularly...

Although both World Trade Organization (WTO) Members and scholars have persistently insisted on the necessity of “financial compensation”, it has yet to be materialized. Stagnation in the Doha Round negotiations has shown that it is becoming hopeless, in the short term, to amend the...

Throughout the world, and more recently in East Asia, it has become increasingly popular for countries to incorporate detailed competition related provisions (CRPs) in their Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). For instance, recent FTAs between East Asian countries, such as the Japan–Viet Nam...

Trade restrictive measures for the sake of a country’s own national security are, as it appears, contrary to the spirit of free trade. Making exceptions to such measures requires a reason. Article XXI of GATT plays a central role in this regard. However, there is a strong critical view of this...