Existing scholarship on post-conflict peace duration fails to account for the level of sexual violence within conflicts … as a predictor of the risk of returning to war. This paper presents a new theory, linking the prevalence of rape to post … on peace duration and sexual violence within civil conflicts, I offer a unique quantitative, cross-national analysis of …

, drawing a connection between humanitarian aid and increased civil war violence, lethality, and duration. To date, however, we …Indiscriminate violence against civilians has long been viewed as a catalyst for new rounds of violence in civil wars …. Can humanitarian assistance reduce violence after civilians have been harmed? Crossnational studies are pessimistic …

Wartime violence takes several forms. Past research studied the causes and consequences of violence, but no previous … work simultaneously assessed the long-term effects of different types of violence on political identities. I argue that … while indiscriminate attacks should reinforce ingroup identity, the critical role of civilian agency on selective violence …