We call the first research approach to small-N studies co-variational analysis (COV). This methodological approach presents empirical evidence of the existence of co-variation between an independent variable X and a dependent variable Y to infer causality. This approach has dominated the...

This article traces international activities of regional governments in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy. We describe how intensively the regions are investing in economic, cultural, and political activities, and how broad the different activities are spread. Then we...

With the help of the Immigrant Inclusion Index (IMIX), a quantitative tool for measuring the electoral inclusion of immigrants, we demonstrate that European democracies are much more exclusive than they should be. All normative theories of democracy share the conviction that it is imperative...

This article demonstrates the empirical relevance and elaborates the theoretical foundation of a "polity-centered" causal mechanism of international environmental regulation which has been only superficially touched upon in international environmental regime theory and which challenges the...

This article traces international activities of regional governments in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy. We describe how intensively the regions are investing in economic, cultural, and political activities, and how broad the different activities are spread. Then we...

Interventions based solely or partially on humanitarian grounds are rare; but, over the course of the last two decades, they have become increasingly common phenomena of international politics. Nevertheless international relations theories have thus far not been able to adequately account for...