This paper analyzes firms' choices regarding the geographic scope of patent protection within the European patent … system. We develop an econometric model at the patent level to quantify the impact of office fees and translation costs on … firms' decision to validate a patent in a particular country once it has been granted by the EPO. These costs have been …

Speaking the language of the host country eases migrants' integration and tends to boost their economic success in the … country of destination. However, the decision to acquire language skills may in itself be determined by the intention to … migrate. In addition, conditional on being a migrant, the relation between language skills and migrants' integration and …

educated individuals. Introducing a foreign language into compulsory school curricula on the other hand, almost doubles the … number of emigrants to the country where the language is spoken and increases the total number of emigrants by 20%. Depending …

Speaking the language of the host country eases migrants' integration and tends to boost their economic success in the … country of destination. However, the decision to acquire language skills may in itself be determined by the intention to … migrate. In addition, conditional on being a migrant, the relation between language skills and migrants' integration and …