The European Union has faced a number energy challenges, ranging from over dependence on imports, depletion of reserves and uncoordinated energy infrastructure. The current European Union (EU) energy policy is premised on three policy pillars; internal energy market, security of supply and...

Part I The Background to the Russo-Ukrainian War and Contextual Factors -- 1 Beginnings of the Russo-Ukrainian War -- 2 Turning Points in the Russo-Ukrainian War -- 3 The West and Russia: Frozen Relations Between the UK and Russia for Decades -- 4 Energy Perspectives -- Part II The Implications...

Supply disruptions, most importantly the reduced supply of gas following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, has triggered a major energy crisis across all of Europe. It appears clear that prices for gas and electricity will be elevated, remaining perhaps three times pre-crisis levels or higher for...

Europe's energy system faces unprecedented physical and institutional stress. The policy response so far has been excessively nationally focussed and could undermine the goals of calming energy markets over the next 18 months and achieving ambitious decarbonisation targets. At the basis of the...

This report contains three separate papers, each addressing selected issues concerning natural gas policy and security of gas supply in Europe. The over-arching themes are vulnerability (to supply disruptions, to supplier pricing power) and fragmentation; and measures designed to overcome them,...