The first part of this paper focuses on competition between search engines that match user queries with webpages. User welfare, as measured by click-through rates on top-ranked pages, increases when network effects attract more users and generate economies of scale in data aggregation. However,...

This paper examines some key features of the proposed European Union Data Act (European Commission, 2022a). It gives users of tangible digital products and devices access and portability rights to the data generated by their use. This is a pro-competitive measure that weakens the de-facto...

The proposed European Union Data Act gives users access and portability rights to the data generated by their use of tangible digital products and devices. This pro-competitive measure weakens the de-facto monopolistic control product manufacturers have over product data. However, the Data Act...