This paper addresses various aspects of risk and risk management for smallholders in developing countries, and presents … are also different in developing countries, with smallholders often forced to rely on strategies that perpetuate poverty …

Transaction costs play a key role in the behaviour of smallholders in developing countries. We investigate smallholder … to measure the impact of a reduction in transaction costs on smallholders' decisions on tobacco crop area and production …

important. Implications for the design of contracts with smallholders are discussed. …

smallholders but am unable to do so for non-smallholders. This leads to important differences in production behavior: smallholders … reallocate labor across activities less in response to intra-seasonal crop price changes than do non-smallholders. A … counterfactual exercise indicates smallholders could increase revenue by almost nine percent if they were to reallocate labor …