The trade and environment relationship is complex and presents both challenges and opportunities. For instance, trade can lead to increased economic growth can result in increased consumption of non-renewable resources and greater environmental harms. On the other hand, increased economic growth...

This paper analyses how the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) supports digital trade and cross-border data flows, while also giving governments the scope to restrict data flows to achieve legitimate regulatory objectives. The USMCA has made significant progress developing rules for...

The U.S.-China economic relationship has reached a critical juncture. Over the past year, the U.S. has imposed tariffs on $250 billion worth of Chinese imports and China has retaliated, raising tariffs on U.S. exports. The U.S. concerns that underpin these bilateral trade tensions stem from...

The free flow of data across borders underpins today's globalized economy. But the flow of personal data outside the jurisdiction of national regulators also raises concerns about the protection of privacy. Addressing these legitimate concerns without undermining international integration is a...

The world is experiencing unprecedented increases in connectivity and global data flows. This is underpinning the so-called fourth industrial revolution. Cross-border data access, usage and exchange is essential to economic growth in the digital age. Every industry - including manufacturing,...

Global value chains (GVC) are undergoing a transformation as business focus on building resilience. Services and data are already adding value to GVC, particularly manufacturing GVC. Global data flows and digital technologies such as cloud computing and AI enable growth in digitally enabled...

The last decade has witnessed remarkable developments in the digital economy, creating new opportunities for crossborder trade and investment and the ongoing emergence of novel and disruptive businesses models. At the same time, the Internet is transforming how goods and services are produced,...

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in need of reform, including new rules. While there is not yet a comprehensive reform agenda for the WTO, developing e-commerce rules should be seen as part of WTO reform in two respects. First, the development of such rules will allow the WTO to demonstrate...

This article addresses the important role for the United States in developing new technologies that can address climate change by reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, particularly given its capacity for research and development (R&D) and innovation broadly. The article explains how U.S....