In this paper we especially focus on the issue of incentives to invest in relation to forced sharing of essential facilities and infrastructure in developing markets, where innovation plays a key role. We evaluate the economic consequences of third party access to the obliged to grant access...

This paper aims at highlighting the Commission's approach towards the relation between sector specific regulation and general competition law, especially concerning energy markets and the road to Internal Market objective.We firstly present Trinko case, in order to focus on two crucial and...

In my earlier article, I proposed the "Protected Profits Benchmark" (PPB) price standard for determining whether or not a vertically integrated monopolist is engaged in a refusal to deal or price squeeze in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act. The PPB would be used where market benchmarks...

This symposium article discusses how young American athletes could best challenge the bureaucracy that delays their ability to earn a livelihood. Part I of this symposium article discusses how young American athletes could effectively challenge the NCAA ‘no pay' rules under federal antitrust...

The goals of antitrust law were the subject of debate in the United States during the 2016 election campaign and thereafter. While consumer welfare and efficiency have become the lodestars of antitrust enforcement, other goals such as fostering jobs, combating inequality, limiting foreign...

The economic features of digital markets and the strategic role played by large platforms represent the premises of a significant shift in the approach to the interface between antitrust and regulation, whereas traditionally the former has been seen as preferable to the latter. Indeed, several...

According to well-established case-law of the European Court of Justice, in the European Union, parent companies can be fined for antitrust infringements by their subsidiaries. Furthermore, under a new EU Directive, signed into law on 26 November 2014, parent company liability is likely to be...