Adding a new dimension to determinants of corruption, this paper examines the effectiveness of enforcement in reducing … corruption. We compare the influences of latent enforcement (police, judicial, and prosecutorial employment) versus actual … enforcement to combat corruption by increasing enforcement employment is ineffective, rather comprehensive improvements in …

A common finding of many analytical models is the existence of multiple equilibria of corruption. Countries … characterized by the same economic, social and cultural background do not necessarily experience the same levels of corruption. In … this article, we use Kernel Density Estimation techniques to analyse the cross-country distribution of corruption …

of corruption in a nation after joining the Union has not been formally studied. Any nation that joins the European Union … potentially faces two different and opposite effects on corruption. On the one hand, there are reasons to believe that corruption … is going to decrease because of the efforts of the EU to fight corruption or because of the opening of the markets to …

This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …