A question often posed but rarely satisfactorily answered is: what do lawyers do? In this paper we take the work of real estate finance lawyers and examine how they structure transactions within the cross-border context. For the analysis the key term is structure as it is this that determines...

Most start-ups find it difficult to raise finance. In the last few years a new form of funding has emerged—the initial coin offering (ICO). ICOs provide investors with cryptotokens that often have multiple roles as stored value token, pure utility token, security token, and hybrid token. ICOs...

The Australian Treasury has identified a number of challenges in FinTech, especially around Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). In this paper we examine four types of tokens within ICOs: pure utility tokens, security tokens, stored value tokens, and hybrid tokens. There is considerable confusion...

The paper examines the nature of professionalism and knowledge that underlie the legal profession and others. I argue that despite the huge effects and consequences of automation, lawyers will always have a role as counselor and trusted adviser. This is embedded in the nature of professionalism,...

Machine learning has entered the world of the professions with differential impacts. Engineering, architecture, and medicine are early and enthusiastic adopters. Other professions, especially law, are late and in some cases reluctant adopters. And in the wider society automation will have huge...

Please contact author, John Flood, for copy.This issue was specially published by the MLR in honour of Professor Simon Roberts in 2015.When it was published the paper was awarded the first Wedderburn Prize for the best article of the year by the MLR Editorial Committee in 1993.The paper was...