innovation. We use machine learning tools to develop new data describing the aspects of medical and mechanical innovations that … are emphasized in patent documents. Our analysis of historical patents yields three primary facts. First, we find that the …

healthcare, discourages cost cutting and encourages wasteful innovation. For one, Medicare pays physicians and hospitals … separately, preventing integration and delivery innovation because most providers cannot afford to adopt a noncompliant …

forward citations patents can receive at the European Patent Office. While a patent can be cited as non-infringing state of … the art, it can also be cited because it threatens the novelty of patent applications ("blocking citations"). Empirical …. This finding adds to the patent value literature by showing that different types of patent citations carry different …