Economists and legal scholars have known for decades that "economic instruments," including cap-and-trade regimes and effluent taxes, can reduce emissions at lower cost than command-and-control regulations. Yet, the US system of environmental law remains heavily dominated by command-and-control....

Numerous studies have investigated environmental justice (EJ) concerns in the context of the Superfund program. Previous studies, however, are limited by their inability to capture the characteristics of communities with land contamination at the timing of the siting, regional focus, varying...