vertical-federalism context. Indeed, at the margins between state and federal authority, executive and legislative authority …-of-powers analyses in the federalism literature, this new wave of bargaining-literate scholarship emphasizes the usefulness and …

opportunistically. The federal problem of credit assignment exposes a weakness in the political safeguards theory to protect federalism …. Theories of electoral and political safeguards of federalism suggest that the political process protects federalism …'s boundaries. This article develops a theory distinguishing risk-seeking and risk-avoiding political behavior and applies its …