This paper develops a model of patent trolls to understand various litigation strategies employed by nonpracticing …

consequences, showing how an incumbent may create a patent portfolio in order to control market entry and to collude. The incumbent … fixes the level of patent protection and the threat of denunciation reduces the entrants expected profits; moreover, if the … entrant deviates from collusion, the incumbent can strengthen punishment suing the competitor for patent infringement …

and engineers than either large businesses or universities. In spite of these facts, recent reform in the patent system … supporting small business; the changes to the patent system under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act have had unintended … consequences. There is a significant body of literature discussing the negative effects of patent reform on small business and …

This paper develops a theory of patent portfolios in which firms accumulate an enormous amount of related patents in … infringe on other firms ́patent portfolios. We investigate how litigation incentives for the holders of patent portfolios … impact the incentives to introduce new products and draw welfare implications. We also consider a patent portfolio …

The theory of patent “hold-out” posits that frictions in the market for licensing standard-essential patents (SEPs … patent quality; however, we find no evidence associating pre- or in-litigation hold-out with the international breadth of SEP …