This essay outlines the exact definition of “Equality” and “Inequality” in economics. The discussion moves forward to review concepts of ranking of orderings and methodology of constructing Indices of Inequality with an emphasis on Lorenz Orderings. We also discuss the possibility of...

This a presentation to UNCTAD's Expert Meeting on Capacity Building in the Area of FDI: Data Compilation and Policy Formulation in Developing Countries. The presentation outlines efforts towards a strategy to implement a more reliable FDI statistics in Egypt

The characteristics of international capital flow in Eurasia region in the last two decades are discussed. The determinants of (foreign) direct investment are investigated. Econometric analysis show that economic fundamentals such as domestic savings rate and the fiscal health of the countries...

Precautionary savings occurs in response to uncertainty regarding future income. The precautionary motive to delay consumption and save in the current period rises due to the lack of completeness of insurance markets. Accordingly, individuals will not be able to insure against some bad state of...

Egypt followed a central command economic policy during the 1970's, implementing repressive financial policies and directing credit. The banking sector was fully state owned, enabling the government to set a ceiling for interest rates. The Egyptian government adopted an economic reform program...

Keynes (1937), Tobin (1965) and their followers believe that financial repression reflects on higher savings, investment and economic growth through monetary expansion and by lowering interest rates. Financial liberalization theorists (such as McKinnon and Shaw 1973) contested this position,...

This mimeo discusses the importance of non-tradable goods prices in explaining real exchange rate movements. We try to reconcile the findings of Engel (1999) and Burstein et al (2006) that seem to provide very different conclusions regarding the decomposition of real exchange rate movements. The...

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between real money demand, real income, interest rates and real consumption. The paper provide a mixed strategy for estimating the money demand function that incorporates shifting from a system of equations vector auto regression (VAR)...

This mimeo discusses the relative significance of Microfinance to the poor in developed Economies. We analyse different vehicles of microfinance to the poor in less developed Countries (LDCs hereafter). The analysis also covers a global overview for Microfinance activity, and the dominant...

Recent economic and political developments have highlighted a challenge shared across the Arab region of generating employment, promoting inclusive growth, and improving competitiveness. In the short run, weakened macroeconomic fundamentals in the developing economies of the Middle East and...