The smart grid is a concept for the development of power distribution grids that offers great promise for the realization of the ambitious objectives of European Energy Policy. In its Third Energy Liberalization Package, European energy law has introduced the concept of intelligent grids and...

There are two major systems of administrative appeals – mandatory and optional. The first one, adopted by the large majority of legal systems (among which the German, Austrian and Dutch ones) precludes an action to a court in the absence of a prior administrative appeal. The second one...