our finding that African Americans experienced larger absolute reductions in pneumonia mortality after the arrival of …

health outcomes after age fifty. Having lived in a children's home, in a foster family, or having suffered a period of hunger …In this paper we address the long-run effects of childhood shocks on health in late adulthood. Applying a life … and later health into a-priori unknown groups, we show that some adverse shocks have opposite effects for specific groups. …

A recently growing literature evaluates the influence of early-life conditions on life-cycle health and mortality. This … early-life (as a proxy for general disease environment, health-care access, and nutrition) and life-cycle mortality rates … paper extends this literature by estimating the associations between birth-state infant mortality rates experienced during …

) mortality later in life. In addition, we examine to what extent these long-run effects run by way of cognitive ability and … (across the full range) and CV mortality rate later in life is significantly stronger if the individual is born in a recession …

, Norwegian maternal mortality was halved and infant mortality fell by 40 percent. Investigating the relationship between health … mortality. No clear effect is found for other types of health personnel or on infant mortality. …The Nordic countries have the lowest maternal and child mortality rates in the world. This has not always been the case …