subjects may exit. In a simple model, both kinds of competition are substitutes. Internal competition (democracy) benefits … democracy, and rulers are less eager to oppose it, when external competition is high. In a panel of countries, there are fewer … changes towards democracy when states have low GDP relative to their neighbours. -- political competition ; dictatorship …

We develop a theory of democratization that integrates both electoral calculations and economic incentives to explain … the democratization of Britain in this period. …

policy choice in a representative democracy when voters do not fully anticipate a politician's strategic behavior to … partially. Limited sophistication crucially determines how welfare under representative democracy compares to welfare under … alternative political institutions such as direct democracy or governance by experts. We find that, under limited strategic …

policy choice in a representative democracy when voters do not fully anticipate a politician's strategic behavior to … panders only partially. Limited sophistication crucially determines how welfare under representative democracy compares to … welfare under alternative political institutions such as direct democracy or governance by independent agents. We find that …

regimes, we find that limited strategic sophistication of voters makes indirect democracy relatively more attractive compared …

migration and trade and their effects on unemployment (chapter 5), and the dynamics of democracy and income chapter 6). … Arbeitslosenrate (Kapitel 5) sowie der Dynamik von Demokratie und Einkommen (Kapitel 6). …