Police violence against minorities in the United States has garnered increasing attention; however, the US is not the … only country facing this challenge. Ethnic minorities in many countries cannot always call on the police with confidence … the police. Responses were combined across ethnic minority and majority groups in each country and analyzed using meta …

police forces tasked with preventing crime. We study the 1829 formation of the London Metropolitan Police - the first … professional force worldwide. Using newly digitized and geocoded crime and police data together with difference-indifferences and …