The literature contains ambiguous findings as to whether statistical discrimination, e.g. in the form of racial … determined, statistical discrimination as well as taste-based discrimination lead to an increase in criminal activity. Moreover …, the negative effects of statistical discrimination on deterrence are more persistent than similar effects due to taste …

important and significant nonlinear peer effects. Students who enter a program with new peers who have a high crime propensity … education. However, students with a history of repeated offenses, who enter a program with new peers with a low crime propensity … schoolmates with prior charges. Yet, our study also shows that a new low-crime peer group in upper secondary education can have a …

social discrimination is also found to be a significant contributor to the gaps in cognitive outcomes and parental investment … across social groups. While parents' perceived social discrimination is associated with lower parental investment throughout …