progress and social norms have freed women from the home, increasing their participation in both the labor market and the crime … whether the policy prescriptions to reduce crime should differ for women. …In recent decades, women's participation in the labor market has increased considerably in most countries and is …

’ bearing scant relation to the ‘crime’ of choosing a violent man as a partner: this results in the woman being “thrice punished …-traumatic stress occasioned by violence in the relationship, in a context in which battered women face serious barriers to obtaining a … knowledge about male violence against women and gender bias in the law, and the relative unawareness of the reality of domestic …