The 'dualist project' in the philosophy of punishment is to show how retributivist and reductivist (utilitarian) considerations can be combined to provide an adequate justification of punishment. Three types of dualist theories can be distinguished - 'split-level', 'integrated' and 'mere...

Some see criminal law as essentially or predominately an exercise in retributive justice. And some see private law as essentially or predominantly an exercise in corrective justice. There is considerable discussion of the relation between retributive and distributive justice in criminal law...