When they were discovered in 1999, the 16 vitamins cartels were probably the largest, most harmful, and harshest sanctioned international cartels of the late 20th century. Still today, the vitamins cartels are cited by antitrust authorities as the outstanding example of an enforcement action...

This article considers the possibility of simultaneously reducing crime, prison sentences, and the tax burden of financing the criminal justice system by introducing positive sanctions, which are benefits conferred to non-convicts. Specifically, it proposes a procedure wherein a part of the...

How economic sanctions are enforced undoubtedly has a major impact on whether they are successful. To shed light on the ways in which governments enforce their sanctions, we conduct an empirically-driven case study of how the lead agency for enforcing economic sanctions in the United States, the...

Do sanctions strengthen the targeted regime? I analyze the 2014 imposition of Western sanctions on Russia and its impact on voting. The United States and the European Union introduced targeted measures against Russian entities and individuals related to President Putin's regime. Using polling...

Effective enforcement of the legal framework on market abuse in the EU requires that sanctions available to the competent authorities are effective, proportionate and dissuasive. However, sanctioning regimes based on administrative sanctions are regarded as generally weak. The European...