licensing is associated with about 18 percent higher wages, but the effect of governmental certification on pay is much smaller … little association between licensing and the variance of wages, in contrast to unions. Overall, our results show that …

This article analyzes the development in Canada of two critical differences between Canadian and U.S. labour policy … state intervention in the U.S. Since the 1970s, however, Canada’s extensive regulation of labour relations has protected …

positive effects on capital formation. Shared governance does not measurably raise wages or rent sharing, nor does it lower …

more need for layoffs and labour flexibility have lower wages in countries where stricter EPL protects workers from layoffs …-2005, particularly for wages of unskilled workers. However, we also find that where workers are well organised, they can take advantage … of EPL to secure higher wages …