Policy processes evolve in highly institutionalized environments, and policy effects are generally shaped by these environments. Policy outcomes could therefore be expected to be patterned and even predictable. In practice, however, prediction of policy outcomes is difficult. In part this lack...

Debriefing is an important phase in using simulation games. Participants are invited to make a connection between experiences gained from playing the game and experiences in real-life situations. Thus, debriefing is the phase meant to encourage learning fromthe simulation game. Although design...

The idea of process is prominent in organization theory but less so in research. Limited access to organizations is a likely explanation, particularly because process analysis often requires detailed data. Experimental research may provide the necessary data, if only a method is used that allows...

New product development is usually teamwork. Product development teams are cross-functional, representing different functional units, or multidisciplinary, involving several disciplines, or both. In any case, conceiving and developing new products is a joint effort, which means that the standard...

In social psychology, poor performance of individuals in teams is usually classified under the heading of ‘social loafing.’ In economics and administrative sciences, the concepts of ‘shirking’ and ‘free riding’ are used to denote poor performance by individuals working in...

Innovative firms often engage in knowledge interactions across regional boundaries, which is difficult to account for by territorial innovation models. The territorial knowledge dynamics perspective directs attention to the ways in which firms and other actors combine regional and extra-regional...

New product development is usually teamwork. Product development teams are created that are cross-functional, representing different functional units, or multidisciplinary, involving several disciplines, or both. In any case, conceiving and developing new products is a joint effort, which means...

Often, administrative reform is guided by a 'blueprint approach'. Thinking about reform begins with an assessment of the actual situation. When present arrangements are found unfavourable, the question arises what a better administration would look like. In a subsequent design process,...

One way to deal with complex situations is the simulation approach: build a simplified model of this reality, learn from this simplified model, and, finally, translate the findings or knowledge back to the reality. Gaming is based on this idea, If we want to make inferences about reality based...

Debriefing is an important phase in gaming simulations. It is the activity where participants make the transfer from the experiences they acquired during the simulation to real life situations, or in other words, it is the phase where the actual learning has to take place. Therefore, due...