It is widely believed that the Canadian and U.S. economies have become more integrated following the implementation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement. In this study, we develop an integration index that combines a number of different measures of...

Since the dawn of human civilization, the cost of moving goods, people, and ideas has forced the geographical bundling of economic activity. Before the days of easy shipping, communities were obliged to consume what they could make. The gradual reduction of shipping costs, with acceleration from...

A major characteristic of the European Union is its transitional or evolving nature, in particular with regard to the assignment of powers between the two main levels of government. More precisely, under current constitutional arrangements, this evolving nature takes the form of an integration...