When estimating future or pro forma financial statements and free cash flows we need to estimate future prices. In doing this we must estimate nominal increases in prices of many items, for instance selling prices, inputs prices (raw material, labor, overhead, etc.), cost of future debt, and...

In this teaching note, we present a clear and detailed exposition of Harberger's approach to economic appraisal. The Harberger framework consists of three basic postulates. The first postulate states that the demand curve measures the benefits of a project. The second postulate states that the...

When calculating Tax Savings, TS we are confronted with a strange mix of accounting accrual and market value when involving TS in the calculation of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC or the Cost of Equity, Ke. Firms earn the right to TS once they accrue the interest expense and they...

The choice of an appropriate discount rate is of major importance in cost benefit analysis both, at the private and at the social levels. The theories that rationalize the NPV criterion also identify the appropriate rate. However, the question remains as to what should be done when the...

When calculating Tax Savings, TS, we are confronted with a strange mix of accounting accrual and market value when involving TS in the calculation of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC, or the Cost of Equity, Ke. Firms earn the right to TS once they accrue the interest expense and they...

This chapter is devoted to the definition and calculation of cash flows, namely, cash flow to debt, (CFD), cash flow to equity, (CFE), Capital Cash Flow, (CCF), tax savings, (TS) and free cash flow, (FCF). The direct and indirect methods are used to derive the relevant cash flow profiles for the...

In a world with taxes, there is a small discrepancy between the deflated WACC WACCDef and the real wacc. This is due to the (1-T) term that is in the standard expression for the WACC applied to the Free Cash Flow (FCF). We compare different approaches for valuing nominal and real cash flows with...

Terminal value is critical for valuation purposes because very often it is a large part of what constitutes the value of a firm. In this short note I answer and clarify some typical questions and myths related to the calculation of terminal value. They are related to the use of non growing...

In this teaching note we show that using the findings of Tham and Velez-Pareja 2002, for finite cash flows, Ke and hence WACC depend on the discount rate that is used to value the tax shield, TS and as expected, Ke and WACC are not constant with Kd as the discount rate for the tax shield, even...