In the twentieth century economics has been dominated by the idea that rigorous thinking is limited to the natural sciences. This belief has gotten in the way of contemporary economists' understanding of Marshall's legacy. Marshall conceived of economics as a science of complexity. Hence he...

It is argued that Schumpeter's widely accepted judgment that Pareto's work is "completely rooted in Walras's system" constitutes a misreading of Pareto. In fact, already during the period 1892-1900, Pareto traces the methodological outlines of an economic science profoundly different from that...